Napoleon and Cooke´s first Plymouth engravings
Napoleon
Bonaparte, hero of Toulon in 1793, visited Plymouth somewhat against his will for
ten days in July-August 1815. Napoleon had celebrity status, despite the misery
caused to millions and every person who could, tried to make profit out of this
unique opportunity. Probably the first to see a money-making opportunity every resident
who owned a boat was keen to hire out their small craft: it is reported that
almost 10 000 trippers were taken out in all manner of boats over the ten days.
Others supplied the various needs of those on HMS Bellerophon such as supplying
the large quantities of provisions, carrying messages or even doing the laundry.
Napoleon had surrendered to Captain Maitland after negotiations off the French
coast and was escorted first to Tor Bay, arriving on July 24th. The Bellerophon
then spent ten days in Sutton Harbour before Napoleon was transferred on August
7th to HMS Northumberland off Berry Head for ultimate exile on St Helena.
Fig. 25. Advert for an engraving of Napoleon Buonaparte, Royal Cornwall Gazette, August 1815.
Napoleon
was accompanied on board the Bellerophon by an entourage of officers,
men, his surgeon and ladies. Colonel Planat, one of those officers, drew a
sketch likeness of the Emperor and this was soon copied. The exact circumstances
of the drawing becoming available are not known but within weeks a large number
of copies of this were being printed.
We know
that at least two local entrepreneurs were offering such a print: John Cooke and
Thomas Huss. In an advertisement dated August 17th, 1815, John Cooke
is offering an Engraving by Mr Cooke, Union Street, New Road, Stonehouse and
Shortly Will Be Published The most respectable portrait of Napoleon Buonaparte
(Fig. 25). In addition, the advert assets that even Captain Maitland had
testified its likeness to the Emperor. Proof Impressions were to cost 5s
and subscriptions were requested. These were to be sent to Mr Nettleton of the
Royal Cornwall Gazette Office in Truro. This would be Peter Nettleton, Jr, who
published the Gazette, also known as the Falmouth Packet and Plymouth
Journal.
One of those selling such a print was the Stonehouse bookseller
and print publisher Thomas Huss. The engraving was finished by John
Cooke[1].
The title reads Napoleon, born at Ajaccio 15
August 1769 / engraved by John Cooke of Plymouth, but the imprint according to Maxted is Published by T. Huss, bookseller
of Stonehouse, 29 September, 1815. According
to Alfred John Dunkin[2],
Captain Maitland actually possessed an original copper plate engraving by John
Cooke but writes the imprint was Published by T [sic] Cooke, Union Street,
Stonehouse, Devon, Aug. 15, 1815.
Another
of such portraits was by John Spurgeon[3]
(Fig. 26), a well-known artist. The text title here reads: Napoleon
Buonaparte from a sketch by Colonel Planat his private Secretary on board H M S
Bellerophon, Plymouth Sound, July 31st 1815. A similar portrait
has Napoleon Bonaparte drawn by M Planat Lt. Col. D´artillerie, officier d´ordnance
á l´empeur. Eurotas Frigate Augt 7th 1815. Nicolas
Louis Planat De La Faye, on hearing of his master´s impending exile, was
much affected, and even wept;[4]
he himself being transported on the Eurotas to his place of exile, on
Gozo (Malta).[5]
He was bequeathed 40,000 francs in
Napoleon´s will.
Fig. 26. Sketch of Napoleon by John Spurgeon. [6]
Thomas Huss had been a bookseller
and music seller for many years, possibly since the 1790s, and had been
involved in selling works by local residents, and
may have published a small number with other local booksellers. He was also an
agent for lotteries, e.g. selling tickets for Bish`s New Year Lottery in 1814.[7]
Huss ran a circulating
library from premises in Chapel St. from c. 1821 which continued for at least
another twenty years. When, in 1824, Thomas Huss died Mrs. (Mary) Huss retained
the stationery business until at least 1852 and the library continued until at
least 1850 when to walk round and
view Edgcumbe Park (see 24A), it was necessary “for strangers to make application
to Mrs. Huss, bookseller, Stonehouse, when a guide may be obtained for a party
not exceeding six persons; but on Mondays free admission is given to the public,
without more trouble than entering names at the lodge gate”.[8]
When
Ann Thomas of Millbrook needed her anti-Jacobin novel, Adolphus de Biron. A novel sold, she turned to local booksellers
including Thomas Huss. Her novel, set out in a sequence of letters, was printed
for the authoress in Plymouth by P. Nettleton and appeared in 1794[9], was published or
distributed by Messrs. Nettleton, Wills, and Barnikel, in Plymouth; Mr. Huss,
Stonehouse; Messrs. Hoxland, Fraser, and Heydon, Dock; and Mr. Woolmer,
Bookseller, Exeter.
Obadiah Prim would certainly have
appreciated her contribution to anti-Jacobin sentiments as shown by Adolphus
when he said: Look, therefore, ye Sons of Britain, on the awful Scene, which France
now presents to your View, with Sentiments worthy of your Character. Regard the
Passing Events in awful Silence, and turn our Calamities to your own Advantage,
by a due Thankfulness to Providence for the Blessings you enjoy under your well-formed
and excellent Constitution.[10]
The next two works signed by John Cooke again clearly link him with Devon but there is a period of two years before they appear: C S Gilbert´s An Historical Survey of the County of Cornwall published [Plymouth] Dock by J Congdon in 1817 included a simple chart of Falmouth Harbour (23) and other engravings; and two simpler plans illustrating the Substance of a Statement and depicted a Rail Road from the Forest of Dartmoor to the Plymouth Lime-Quarries. This latter work was published in London, by Harding in 1819 (24) and presented by Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt who was instrumental in the construction of the prisoner-of-war camp, popularly known as Dartmoor Prison. Both maps are signed by John Cooke Stonehouse, Plymo.
Fig. 27: Dedication to Hugh
Percy in Gilbert´s History of Cornwall.
The
Historical Survey of Cornwall was published in two volumes and besides the
chart of the harbour was richly illustrated with 25 pages of heraldic arms (Fig.
28). Charles
Sandoe Gilbert (1760–1831) was born in the parish of Kenwyn, near Truro, 1760.
He became an itinerant vendor of medicines in Cornwall and Devonshire, where
his universal remedies were well received and brought him considerable wealth. He
later opened shops at Plymouth and Devonport.
Fig. 28: One of 25 sheets of
heraldic arms in Gilbert´s History of Cornwall.
Gilbert acquired information which led him to believe that he might
claim descent from the Gilberts of Compton Castle, Devonshire, and began to study
antiquities and heraldry. In his journeys through Cornwall (and those of his agents)
he collected a vast amount of information. The first volume of An
Historical Survey of the County of Cornwall appeared in 1817. This was
richly supported by the then 2nd Duke of Northumberland, Lieutenant
General Hugh Percy (1742-1817). The dedicatory panel in the first volume is a
showcase of Cooke´s abilities (Fig. 27). Hugh Percy´s death postponed the publishing of the second volume,
which came out in 1820, with assistance from the 3rd Duke, also Hugh
Percy (1785-1847). It is judged by some to be one of the best and most useful
of the books on Cornwall. The work cost double the estimate, and in 1825 Gilbert
was made a bankrupt. He moved to London opening a chemist's shop in the Strand where
he died, 30 May 1831, and was buried in the churchyard of the Savoy.
Fig. 29. Map title panel, dedication
to John Wodehouse in Gilbert´s History of Cornwall.
A large chart of Falmouth
Harbour accompanies the work (a copy of one drawn in the reign of King Charles
II) and this is signed below the rather intriguing title panel by Cooke (Fig.
29). In addition to the map, Cooke´s signature appears under the arms of the
Duke of Northumberland accompanying the dedication in Book 1, and also at the bottom
of two Plates (17 and 19) of the 25 pages of heraldic arms in Book 2[11].
Although this second volume was not published until 1820, John Congdon´s imprint
with date appears on several of these 25 pages, inferring the arms were ready
in 1817.
Although the numerous arms
are fairly simple pieces of engraving, the coat of arms above the dedication is
a very accomplished piece of engraving and is one of the most ornate pieces that
Cooke is known to have executed.
The two volumes are
illustrated with a variety of different engravings and woodcuts with portraits of
nobles, usually relatives of a sponsor, and views of residences. The
frontispiece portrait is of Anthony Payne, an ancestor of George Granville
Leveson Gower to whom it is dedicated (and who financed it). Other illustrations
include a title page vignette of Treryn Castle signed by J Rickard of Exeter, and
woodcuts both within the text and as plates, e.g. the Cheesewring or Cromlechs,
engraved by Walker of Newcastle. There are attractive views of properties such
as that of Pentillie Castle, home of John Tillie Coryton Esq., this being one of
several signed by J C Stadler.
Thomas Tyrwhitt was a colourful
figure. Born in Essex, he attended Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford but had
a long relationship with Dartmoor. He became private secretary to the Prince of
Wales where he probably came into contact with Dartmoor as part of the lands of
the Duchy of Cornwall. He became MP for Okehampton in 1796 (until 1802) and bought
a farm, which he named Tor Royal, and grew high quality flax. He had several
roads built across Dartmoor at this time as well as the hamlet of Prince´s Town,
named in honour of his previous employer. He laid the foundation stone of the prisoner-of-war
prison buildings on March 20th 1806 and first French and later,
American, prisoners-of-war were housed there. That year he became MP for Plymouth.
Knighted in 1812 he was forced to amend his plans when the prison emptied. In
order to encourage the continued use of the buildings as well as provide better
connections to his personal village he invested much energy proposing the
construction of a railway from Plymouth to Princetown[12]. The
plan drawn for the proposals showed the Line of intended rail road as laid from prison
of war to Plymouth Harbour and lime rocks at Catwater.
The railway design consisted of an inclined plane, nine feet broad, bounded on each side by grooved slips of iron, which were fitted to receive the car or wagon passing over them. Tyrwhitt´s report is in fact an advertisement for parliamentary permission and summarises all the advantages such a rail road could bring referring specifically to the plan: The accompanying plan of the line of road is by one of the gentlemen employed on that magnificent work, the Plymouth Breakwater, who has taken the levels with all possible accuracy, and, on the execution of the measure, will be permitted to dedicate his leisure hours to the superintendence of the undertaking (p.27). Reference is made to the plan again under Benefits: The plan, annexed to this pamphlet, is founded on actual surveys, taken by a gentleman, whose skill has been manifested in various important works, and whose capability of performing whatever he undertakes is guaranteed by his long experience. These two comments are certainly not about John Cooke, but refer to Mr William Stuart[13] who was superintendent of the Plymouth breakwater project at that time, an undertaking that clearly impressed Cooke.
Fig. 30. Plate 13 from Synopsis of Geography, 1812.
Links to sections of I - London
John Cooke of Howland Street (1799-1805)
The Ladies Circular Atlas and “Mr Barrow”
The Rev. Thomas Smith & The Universal Atlas
John Cooke and the Admiralty (1802-1805)
Between the Admiralty and Plymouth (1805-1812)
Links to section II - Plymouth.
Stonehouse (1813-1845)
Napoleon and Cooke´s first Plymouth engravings
The Copper-Plate Engraving, and Printing Office (1815-21)
John Cooke of Union Street, Stonehouse (1823-1845)
Summary
Return to Introduction
Link to IV: Short List of John Cooke's works.
[1] A copy is held at the WDRO
[2] Alfred
John Dunkin in a letter to Notes & Queries, July 16, 1870.
[3] A number of engravings, all apparently taken from the
same pencil sketch, are extant. Another print was sold by Forum Auctions of
London in 2016. An unknown author sent a letter to his uncle enclosing a similar
sketch in August 1815; a photocopy of which is held at NMM, but the original is
illustrated at https://www.earsathome.com/letters. This was discovered by
Eunice Shanahan at a fair.
[4] Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte by M de Bourrienne
(his private secretary) in 4 volumes; London; Richard Bentley; 1836.
[5] Narrative of the Surrender of Buonaparte; Captain
Frederick Lewis Maitland; London; Henry Colborn; 1826.
[6] Image is on-line: Courtesy
of the British Library. This engraving is one of two at the British Library;
the second was used by William Kirk Dickson in his reissue of the history of Captain
Maitland and Napoleon´s Surrender; published by William Blackwood, Edinburgh,
1904.
[7] Flindell´s Western Luminary; Vol. II, Issue 45;
January 1814.
[8] White´s History of Devonshire; 1850.
[9] It was being offered by Lackington & Allen at 6s
as early as 13th May 1794 in the Manchester Mercury.
[10] Ann Thomas; Adolphus de Biron. A Novel;
published by the author; Plymouth; (1794). For a discussion of the literature
of the time, see also M O Grenby; The Anti-Jacobin Novel; Cambridge
Press; 2004.
[11] These pages of heraldic arms are badly cut and many
copies seen lack Cooke´s imprint but Plate 17 has been seen on a copy posted
on-line by the Wellcome Library and Plates 17 and 19 on the Yale copy, also
online. Although planned to be published in two volumes with the arms in Vol.
II, it was often bound as 3 books. Nevertheless, some copies do have Vols II
and III combined despite the Directions to the Binder in Vol. III; hence,
the 25 Plates are nearly always in Vol. II.
[12] Cooke´s Guide to
Plymouth Sound and Breakwater (27) has a transverse section plan which also
notes that: the first rail was laid to the Plymouth & Dartmoor Rail Road by
Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, August 12th, 1819.
[13] Stuart´s name crops up on Cooke´s final breakwater plan.
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